Suffering and older adults, with psychologist Dr. Valérie Bourgeois- Guérin

Aging, with neuropsychologist Dr. Isabelle Rouleau

What does normal aging look like after age 60, 70, 80, or even 90?

One of the key features of normal aging is how differently people age. We don’t all age the same way. In their twenties or thirties, most people are quite similar, both physically and cognitively. But as we age, individual differences become more pronounced. Generally, we experience increasing stiffness and a reduced ability to find a variety of solutions to a problem. A range of functions can be affected, including organization, planning and cognitive flexibility.

What characterizes abnormal aging?

People are aware when they start having memory issues. Some forgetfulness is normal, but certain types can be signs of something more serious. Often, age-related forgetfulness is linked to how much attention people are paying. However, if someone makes a real effort to remember something but still can’t, that’s a red flag. In normal aging, we may simply process information a little more slowly or less thoroughly. In clinical settings, professionals help differentiate between normal and abnormal forgetfulness and provide psychoeducation, especially for those who are very anxious about their memory.

What are the best ways to age well?

There are some unchangeable genetic factors, but many aspects of healthy aging are within our control. Jean’s story is a great example: a decision he made at 49 likely changed the course of his life. Some might feel they could never do what he does — but everyone has to start somewhere. Every small step is a victory. What matters most is setting realistic goals. Physical fitness can help people enjoy life more, stay optimistic, and feel less pain.

It goes without saying that medical conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes must be treated, but cognitive stimulation and social involvement are vital too. Talking about books, articles or TV shows with friends and family helps organize thoughts, a process that is essential for healthy aging. Social isolation is one of the major risk factors for cognitive decline in older adults. Stimulating activities include puzzles, crosswords, reading and cooking. The activity itself matters less than whether it’s both enjoyable and mentally engaging.

The best advice? Stay active both mentally and physically. Embrace challenges and keep learning new things. Don’t be afraid to pursue your dreams, even if you don’t fully achieve them. For example, you may not become fluent in Italian, but starting to learn the language can still be incredibly rewarding.